The New "Brahmins"*

I have always wondered what it must have been to be Ekalavya. What does it mean to defer to the demands of a scornful 'Guru' who demands the ultimate price? It must hurt immensely when all that is learnt by observation and self practice is claimed as a commodity imparted by the 'Guru' and his unilateral claims to that knowledge. What a price to pay as an "offering": one's thumb! The swell of pain reverberates in a disastrous end to all that was learnt by sheer hard work and persistence, and no tutoring whatsoever – in Ekalavya's case the science was archery. 

Subservience and subordination disguised as humility to the "Guru" makes for a potent pathway of ownership of the ultimate asset – the privileging of knowledge.  Seeking, gaining and possessing knowledge is like treading in treacherous terrain. It leads to various forms of ownership, not least of which is commodification of knowledge and proprietary control over its contents. It happens all the time in our world. In some ways it is akin to the absolute control 'brahmins' had (and some perhaps still have) over knowledge in times past. The new scientific 'brahmin', though casteless, uses similar methods.

It is one thing to expect rigour and discipline in gaining knowledge, but an altogether different matter when it gets privileged. If one feels one is in the "know-how" business, then already the journey away from the world of the ordinary has begun. Its a bit like a balloon floating in the air. Everyone notices it, but there is clearly a limit to such existence. A lot of gas is demanded to be up there, but that is also its limit.

Two instances in Bangalore come to my mind about how such privileging can be risky. One is with the Government of Karnataka calling for a 'consultation' on potential field trials of food GMOs, but only inviting those with the required 'knowledge'. As the invitation letter reveals, only representatives of biotech companies are welcome, and the meeting is to be held in Vidhana Soudha, the invincible fortress from where the Government keeps people and democracy out in the streets. There are protests against such 'consultations' and not surprisingly only from the often derided farmers, 'activists', etc., who are also perceived to be 'un-knowledgeable' of such complex issues.

At about the same time several 'scientists' have signed up a statement against tree felling and road widening in Bangalore. There are many facts and analyses cited, which is to be expected coming from this self formed 'class'. Not surprisingly at all the statement has received good press coverage. After all in a 'science city' (which ironically has the highest density of millionaires but not one decent public library) scientists rule the roost.

Several of my friends have signed up this statement, and in all sincerity to help the cause. But I have a problem with such privileging of scientists.

Just like the Karnataka Government is consulting with only those who are 'knowledgeable' and thus causing a huge gap in decision making between those who farm and eat and those who now claim the capacity and knowledge of the ultimate systems of food production, our scientist friends have similarly made issues relating to urban environment unnecessarily complex and 'scientific'. Both efforts create gaps and are rather undemocratic pathways to follow.

Instead, I would argue that our scientists must step out of their proverbial 'ivory towers' and 'enclave' mentality, and throw their rationale and might into the common cause by striking the right cord with commoners. Knowledge, then, will actually become an useful instrument of democratisation and aid in the movement away from the privileging of the 'scientist' and thus the creation of the 'new brahmin'.

Last year when participating in public consultations on the Bt Brinjal issue, that then Indian Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh had organised, I found very few 'scientists' present there. I had expected Bangalore's scientists to come out in large numbers actually and was very disappointed that they did not care to wear their scientific zeal in a very public manner. Similarly, I have been rather disturbed that our scientists do not always step out and help in organising communities affected by road widening and participating in debates on such issues in ordinary public fora. Begs the question if our scientists are inimical to such democratic and civil actions?

Use all the scientific methods and capacities at one's disposal and produce good reports, papers, notes,... whatever. All such efforts will aid the development of good science and sound public policy. Make sure that such contributions are also formulated in a way that can contribute to ongoing street actions, litigative efforts and administrative decision making. But please do not fall into a trap of creating a new class out of knowledge.

Consider this: what if all contractors got together and made a similar statement that road widening is good for the city, for instance? And similarly, all agro-biotechnologists proposed that the only way forward with agriculture is the GMO route?

I am sure this proposition will disturb my scientist friends who have signed up the statement. But that would only be good for science and sound public policy no?

* The term 'brahmin' has been used here not to denigrate any community, but as a social metaphor of consciousness of distinctiveness. 

POSCO loot of our mineral wealth and environment is far worse than the 2G scam

Jairam Ramesh's disastrous decision favouring POSCO comes a day after CBI exposes A. Raja's shocking loot when heading Environment Ministry

Mr. Jairam Ramesh, Minister of State with independent charge for Environment and Forests in the Government of India, cleared the diversion of 3,000 acres of forest land comprising a major part of the 4,000 acres required for the POSCO Steel-power-port project in the ecologically sensitive Jagatsinghpur district in Orissa. Jairam Ramesh's pro POSCO decision was released on the evening of 2^nd May on the Ministry's website. He thus paved the way for acquisition of land for a most controversial project. However, the current decision does not take into account massive additional demands of land required for the project's industrial township and associated water, road and rail infrastructure, and also the most controversial iron ore mining component proposed in the thickly forested and mountainous Kandadhar region which is now a subject of litigation.

This project has been peacefully resisted by local communities for six years now; their staunch resistance to the project demonstrated in their refusal to allow entry of any State or company official into the affected villages. The reaction of the State has been brutal and has involved harsh police action against women, children and men, and the filing of false criminal charges against most adults in the project affected villages – some leaders have been wrongfully arrested and others falsely accused of over 40 crimes, most with serious implications to their normal day to day functioning. All this in a vain attempt to break a fantastic peoples movement, which has resolutely remained peaceful in its methods, in a landscape that is otherwise known for violent resistance to the State's hegemonic efforts to dispossess communities from forests and farms to favour highly questionable projects benefiting the rich and large corporate houses.

“Faith and Trust” over-rides the need for rationale in decision making:

Ramesh's decision is based on an unprecedented claim of the need for “Faith and trust in what the state government says (a)s an essential pillar of cooperative federalism” (emphasis in original). The rationale he offers in taking such a position is that “(b)eyond a point, the bona fides of a democratically elected state government cannot always be questioned by the Centre” (emphasis added). This even when Ramesh expresses what can be termed as very serious doubts about the capacity of Orissa Government to protect the interest of the State of Orissa and the people of India when he says that the POSCO “MOU had provisions for the export of iron ore which made me deeply uncomfortable with this project” (emphasis added). He also admits that he “could well have waited for the MOU to be renewed and for a final decision of the Supreme Court” which is hearing an appeal on the decision of the Orissa High Court cancelling the Orissa Government's allotment of out of turn (ignoring over 200 applicants waiting for long) and large iron ore mining permits benefiting POSCO.

The simple and plain question that cries out for an answer then, is why did he not wait? Especially considering that the mining component of the project is an integral part of the overall scheme of POSCO? This also raises serious questions if he respects the Orissa Government more, and the Supreme Court less? What was the compelling need for him to rush to clear a project that has failed to comply with any of the conditions imposed in the clearances accorded by the Ministry in 2007? And this when the project is without sufficient legal support as the MOU of 2005, based on which most clearances are being secured, has lapsed and has not been renewed yet.

True Federalism is to respect Local Governments as equals:

Speaking in favour of POSCO and comprehensively rejecting serious well documented contestations over the legality of environmental, coastal and forest clearances accorded, Mr. Ramesh has spoken in many ways for the Government of India. After all the forest clearance was perceived as the last major hurdle for this mega project as all other Ministries (such as Coal, Mining, Finance, etc.) were merely waiting for him to make up his mind. In deciding for POSCO, Jairam Ramesh has gone with the Orissa Govenment's claims that the Palli Sabha¹ resolutions of Dinkia and Govindpur Gram Panchayats are “fraudulent” and even invested a lot of paragraphs to ensure that the Sarpanch Shishir Mohapatra who is accused by the Orissa Government of perpetuating this fraud is punished, else “the state government's argument will be called into serious question”. Thus, admitting he is really not sure about the facts of this critical matter involving forest rights.

His unseemly haste to clear POSCO based on his innovative argument of “faith and trust” as an “essential pillar of cooperative federalism” also flies in the face of his recent (14^th April) rejection of the Orissa Government's repeated claim that it had fully complied with and implemented faithfully the provisions of the Forest Rights Act. His argument then was “(i)gnoring.. two Palli Sabha Resolutions and not allowing them to be subjected to a due process of law as enshrined in the Forest Rights Act, 2006 would be tantamount, in my considered opinion, to violating the very essence of this legislation passed unanimously and with acclaim by Parliament”. By so endorsing the legality of Resolutions, this position was consistent with the findings of the two independent investigative committees that he had appointed. These committees had established beyond any doubt, and on the basis of extensive legal evidence, that Orissa State had fundamentally flouted the Forest Rights Act, and other statutory procedures, in its enthusiasm to secure POSCO's interests. His latest and now unconditional “faith and trust” decision now rests on a spectacular speculative argument that simply has no place in environmental decision making, or for that matter any legal decision at all.

In the federal structure of governance in India, local elected governments are in no way inferior to the elected bodies at the State level. Ensuring such separation of powers and autonomy in functioning is the whole purpose of the Panchayati Raj Act, the Forest Rights Act and such other such provisions in the Constitution. When such is the law of the land, a Minister does not enjoy privileges of over-rating the State's position over that of a Panchayat.

Legal evidence loses out to “faith and trust”:

By such arguments, the Minister has not only exposed his prejudice against claims of forest dwelling and dependent communities, operating as they are in a climate of fear, but also his utter incapacity to rigorously enforce the due process of law on the basis of uncontestable facts. He abandons this critical exercise by saying “I have already examined the legal issues... and therefore there is nothing to be gained by seeking further legal opinion. Similarly the facts of the case... are too obvious to require any further enquiry or verification” (emphasis added). Surely, Mr. Ramesh is aware that the environmental laws are based on criminal procedure code, and that he is duty bound to spare no effort in ensuring that material submitted in seeking clearances are valid in law. The decision has to also satisfy the test of being beyond any reasonable doubt as it directly and irreversibly affects the livelihoods of hundreds of farming and fishing families who have a very weak possibility of restarting their lives, will devastate beyond repair sensitive ecosystems and could annihilate critically endangered species. A dispute in fact must be fully and legally resolved, and should not become subject to mere opinion of the Minister. Ramesh's decisions fails on all these grounds.

Investigative Committees appointed, and their uncomfortable reports sidestepped:

When Jairam Ramesh appointed very senior and widely respected former bureaucrats and experts in two fact finding committees to investigate into all aspects of the coastal regulation, forest diversion and environmental clearances accorded to the POSCO project, there was widespread hope that he would not keel over to any pressure in this critical decision. But this hope lasted only for a short duration. As the Committees returned with reports exposing extensive illegalities and fraud in the environmental decision making processes, Ramesh chose to sidestep these reports in his 'speaking order' of 31 January 2011. He thus supported the earlier clearances accorded by his scam tainted predecessor in the Ministry, Mr. A. Raja, who is now in Tihar Jail on corruption charges instituted by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

Of course Ramesh had laboured to justify his claim to being a socially and environmentally conscious Minister by adding dozens of additional conditions. But on close scrutiny these conditions appear to be mere window dressing and rely largely on rhetorical commitment from the investor towards safeguarding peoples' rights and the environment. Experience in India has repeatedly shown that such conditions are rarely complied with and violators even more rarely punished. Interestingly, but not surprisingly, many of these additional conditions articulate the need for thorough assessments and comprehensive studies into environmental and social impacts of the project. Thus exposing the widely known and undeniable fact that the earlier clearance decisions were accorded almost entirely on the lack of any relevant material.

For instance, one of the conditions speaks of the need for evaluating the high risks involved from cyclones and tsunamis in the coastal site selected for steel plant, a point not to be taken lightly following the recent Japanese experience. This is critical considering the fact that 1,000 acres of the 4,000 acres for the steel plant will be only for dumping fly ash and sludge. Nothing is known about how POSCO proposes to contain the regional impacts of such massive storage of ash and that too in an area with super high wind energies. And there is the fundamental concern that the massive port is proposed in the Jotadhar creek, a highly sensitive area known for nesting habitats of critically endangered Olive Ridley Turtles and Horse Shoe Crabs, and as spawning grounds for fishes. A little known fact about the port is that it will have 6 kms. long and 25 metres deep channel into the sea, whose width ranges between 250 to 500 metres. This means a lot of dredging, and almost all the time through the life of the port, as the region is known for a very high accretion of sand. What would happen to all this dredged material? What, if any, are the chances for turtles to navigate a busy shipping lane, involving the movement of the largest commercial ships ever built – as POSCO proposes to build a port allowing the berthing of 170,000 DTW carriers, known as Capesize ships because of their inability to make it through the Suez Canal and thus have to go around the Cape in South Africa. Each of these ships is a quarter of a kilometre long!

Not to be overlooked also is the fact that POSCO proposes to raise the base height of the steel plant from 0 MSL to 6 MSL. This is because it wants to protect its plant from any serious impact from anything like the 5.6 metres tidal wave that slammed this very region with wind speeds exceeding 250 kmph in the super cyclone of 1999 that left a trail of destruction and misery tens of kilometres inland. Historical evidence points to the fact that the Jagatsinghpur region has been the epicentre of many intense cyclones, and thus this is exactly the kind of area that constitutes very high risk for shipping and industrial activity and is a site that must be avoided. There remains then the other serious issue of where all the mud and silt to raise such a large area over so many metres will come from? If it is the dredged material from the sea, clearly it will devastate the wetlands in land supporting very high productivity in paddies, prawn cultures and paan kethis (betel vine). Not to be forgotten, of course, are consequences to the local communities when they have to stare up at a steel plant towering tens of feet over them, with its smoke, ash and dust billowing all around. Their tranquil life in harmony with nature, as they now know it, will end.

In a travesty of the well-honed science of environmental decision making, the single largest steel-power-port-township and potentially mega mining project ever conceived in the history of India, and also the largest industrial project conceived in recent decades world wide, has now got the push forward on the basis of faith. By this decision Jairam Ramesh has chosen to ignore, perhaps even ridicule, the findings of the POSCO Investigative Committee appointed by him with former Environment Secretary Ms. Meena Gupta as chair. The recommendations unanimously made by 3 of the 4 member committee, educate us on how little is actually known about the impacts of this massive project:

1. “....(T)hat in view of the glaring illegalities which render the clearances granted illegal, the EIA and CRZ clearances dated 15.5.2007 for the port and the EIA clearance dated 19.7.2007 for the steel plant should be revoked after following the due process of law.
2. The project proponent if it so desires may prepare a comprehensive EIA for both the port and the steel plant in accordance with the notifications now in force including all the various components of the project such as rail and road transportation, pipe line, township, mining, etc. for the full capacity of the plant and its components.
3. If the project proponent applies, a fresh public hearing may be conducted on the basis of the new comprehensive EIA to be prepared by the company.
4. In the meantime no body should be dispossessed of their land and since all clearances are ..prior to the commencement of construction no alterations of any nature should be permitted on ground.”

Is 'strategic significance' any ground for clearing POSCO?

Enormous volumes of public monies and resources were invested in these investigative efforts, and they were meant to assist the Ministry, and the Minister, in ensuring a fair, just and correct decision was made in this mega project. But Jairam Ramesh decided to dump all this into the trash cans of the Ministry raising serious questions about his credibility in his pro-POSCO decision of 31 January 2011 in which he claims that “(u)ndoubtedly, projects such as that of POSCO have considerable economic, technological and strategic significance for the country” (emphasis added). Despite all of Mr. Ramesh's best efforts to avoid the risk of being accused of “filibustering”, which he claims to avoid in his 2^nd May pro-POSCO decision, he seems to have done exactly that. By overlooking relevant facts, and choosing to rely on the uncertain claims of the Orissa Government that it has complied with key statutory provisions, he now hopes to distract attention from the shocking finding of the Investigative Committees that serious illegalities and fraud backed key environmental clearance favouring POSCO. These are not ordinary or simple accusations for they are often the type of material for investigation into possibilities of corruption.

Such argumentation also raises serious questions about his jurisdiction in so deciding for India, when his job essentially is to ensure that Ministry of Environment and Forests is environmentally sensitive, non-corrupt, efficient and just in its decisions, and protected from extraneous influences of such factors as 'strategic significance', scale or nature of the project, who the investors are, etc. A terrible consequence of such subjective reasoning is that it can now be applied to almost all projects: Jaitapur Nuclear power plant, Lavasa, Gundia power project, some windmills in a forest and so on. By this POSCO decision, Mr. Ramesh has irreversibly lost the opportunity of demonstrating his much proclaimed unyielding commitment to ensure the implementation of rule of law, and lack of corruption and transparency in environmental decision making. Mere sharing of documents backing his decisions does not make for a good and transparent decision. He has to demonstrate the legal and scientific rationale by which he arrived at such a decision, and this has to be on the basis of supportive evidence from subject review committees as per the law. Ramesh has chosen to overlook all these statutory requirements. This is clear demonstration that he has indeed yielded to pressures, whatsoever they might be and wherever they emerged from. The rule of law has been sacrificed on the altars of “faith and trust” and based largely on one man's belief that the project is of “strategic significance” to India, disregarding the widely held perception that the POSCO project constitutes a loot of India's natural resources to benefit a foreign corporate.

Cleared by Raja, is POSCO not scam tainted?

A major development is that the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has begun to investigate the decisions of Mr. A. Raja in according environmental clearances during his term (2004-07) as Union Minister for Environment and Forests. The allegation is that Raja liberally gave environmental clearances to 2,016 projects in a little over two years! His front man in this operation was Mr. R. K. Chandolia, then director of planning and coordination in the environment ministry. Today both are implicated in the 2G scam and are in Tihar jail.

POSCO was one of the mega projects that Raja cleared, specifically its captive port component. This decision was taken on 15^th of May 2007, exactly a month after the controversial statutory Environmental Public Hearing on the project was held, which the MOEF Investigation Committees have revealed involved major human rights violations. Reports of this tainted Hearing were rushed to Delhi to fulfil a legal requirement and the port was cleared by Raja in the final hours before he transited from the Environment Ministry to his new role as Union Minister for Telecom and Communications. Normally, when such big decisions have to be taken on mega projects, no Minister risks approving them on the eve of his transition, largely to avoid accusations of corruption. But Raja was made of a different mettle, clearly.

The unseemly haste by which Raja cleared the port component of the massive POSCO project was a strong indicator of favourable decisions that were meant to follow. Ms. Meena Gupta, who took charge as Secretary of Environment Ministry on 1^st June 2007, ensured that the environmental clearance to the steel plant was accorded on 19^th July 2007 without much ado. At that time the Environment Ministry was without a Minister and was directly under the supervision of the Prime Minister of India – thus with little possibility of a close watch over executive decisions and accountability to the public. Despite all this evidence, or probably because of which, Ramesh appointed Meena Gupta to officiate over the Investigation Committee into POSCO that he instituted, resulting, not surprisingly, in her single dissenting note which favoured her earlier pro-POSCO decisions that she made on the basis of weak and fraudulent evidence.

It would be specious to believe now that Raja and Chandolia began their corruption racket only in the Telecom Ministry. The CBI's investigative guns are now trained on their long and corrupt politician-bureaucrat alliance, as the agency has discovered that these gentlemen favoured many projects of DB Realty with environmental clearances, a cash rich corporate house accused of benefiting enormously from the telecom scam. Raja's reliance on Chandolia was so acute that he took him as his personal secretary to the Telecom Ministry. When it was pointed out that such an appointment of an Indian Economic Services bureaucrat was violative of law, Raja elevated him as Economic Advisor to the Minister, next only to the position of Secretary of the Ministry.

Could it be at all possible that their corrupt practices were strictly limited to benefit only DB Realty? Not POSCO or any other project?

POSCO sets a new 'race to the bottom' standard in environmental and economic regulation:

The Korean/US TNC POSCO project proposal (Warren Buffet who recently toured India has a major stake in the project) has a capital outlay of Rs. 51,000 crores (by 2005 prices) and involves production of 12 mtpa of steel. It also includes iron ore mining rights of a stupendous 600 million tonnes over 30 years, 60% of which is allowed for export to POSCO's Korean steel mills. As studies reveal, POCSO is likely to recover all of its capital investment in less than a decade, and that too only from profits from iron ore.² With a captive port accommodating the movement of the largest commercial ships ever built, and also of a captive power plant in the steel plant, this is undoubtedly a peach of a deal for any industrial house. The unprecedented nature of profits that accrue from such a mega project demands without any doubt a rigorous and serious scrutiny, at many levels of the Union and State governments and by independent regulators as well; far more seriously than efforts are now under way to uncover the scam in the Commonwealth Games, 2G telecom deal, Bellary mining, etc. Most regulatory agencies, though, have inexplicably chosen to not subject this project for their examination.

A review of the Environment Ministry's clearance records reveal that no other project has been accorded such hasty and favourable treatment as the POSCO project in recent times. There are tens of small, medium and large projects that have fully complied with procedural requirements, and yet do not secure environmental clearance within weeks of a Public Hearing. POSCO must have been of 'strategic significance' to Raja, else why would he rush its clearances through with such haste when so little was known of the project, its outcomes and its impacts? Now that Jairam Ramesh has endorsed Raja's decision, it won't be long before Karnataka's Chief Minister Yeddyurappa accuses Ramesh of bias for rejecting the Gundia power plant which the former would claim is of 'strategic significance' to the state. Similarly, Goa will make a case that mining in the Western Ghats is of critical economic importance and Ramesh must have “faith and trust” in the State's assessment of its needs. Mr. Sharad Pawar, Union Agriculture Minister, has for some time now been berating Ramesh's moratorium on Monsanto's Bt Brinjal, claiming this first food GMO in India is critical to secure the future of Indian agriculture! Narendra Modi of Gujarat will spare no words in attacking the Union Government were any of his pet projects rejected.

India could have done well to avoid such propensity of pandering to investor induced pressures and the unsustainable competition between States to secure investments; at the very least in projects that have massive, serious and irreversible environmental, economic and social consequences.

CBI enquiry into POSCO is a must now:

There is simply no option now but for the CBI to completely examine all decisions taken by Raja during his time in the Environment Ministry, thus not limiting the exercise to those relating to DB Realty decisions alone. This is of strategic importance to our country in light of the fact that none less than Mr. Jairam Ramesh has expressed discomfort over the unprecedented “export of iron ore” involving Capesize super tankers that POSCO proposes to employ in shipping out the ore it mines in India. Unprecedented profits are to be made from this virtually business-risk free POSCO project, and it is not an accident that there is so much cooperation between so many different political parties and levels of governments to usher it through.

As revealed in the unbelievable iron ore mining scam in Bellary, there is far too much money to be made from mining iron ore alone in the POSCO deal. The POSCO kind of loot of non-replenishable natural resources, associated with the destruction of thousands of natural resource dependent livelihoods and the environment, is a far worse scandal than the 2G scam. Airwaves are ambient, can be reallotted and the perceived loss is essentially in money terms. Iron ore, forests, coastal areas, livelihoods, critically endangered species simply aren't renewable resources.

Jairam Ramesh was aware that the CBI had begun investigating Raja's possible corruption while in the Environment Ministry and could well have waited for the CBI to review Raja's role in the POSCO decision. But he chose not to, and announced his pro-POSCO decision the very next day after CBI began the investigation. All these circumstances demand that the POSCO project decisions must be thoroughly investigated by the CBI. It is high time that our Parliamentarians also spare some of their time in scrutinising the POSCO decisions, while also attending to the politically juicy spectrum allotment (2G) and other scandals.

Leo F. Saldanha

Coordinator

Environment Support Group

leo@esgindia.org

www.esgindia.org

02 May 2011

1 As Gram Sabhas are known in Orissa)

2Iron and Steal, by the Mining Zone Peoples' Solidarity Group, published in October 2010, provides a rigorous analysis of the super-normal profits that POSCO will make from the mining/steel project. This report is accessible at: http://miningzone.org/

Beyond the Lokpal Bill

The recent success of the Anna Hazare led movement for legislating the much delayed Lokpal Bill, considered a major requirement to tackle corruption in public life, has energised public confidence in protests. The middle class that played a major role in this movement now believe protests work, this even in a country like India where democracy is "celebrated" mainly during elections.

An interesting feature of this movement has been that it was largely active in large metropolitan areas, was strongly driven by corporate workers and corporates too, and found resounding support of the growing Indian middle classes. Interesting to note is the fact that the large farming population and the informal working sectors were not so engaged with this movement, as were not trade unions and other large public interest networks.

The media's acute support for the movement, particularly the electronic media, was essentially based on the claim that the people of India had risen to tackle the spectre of corruption, and this had happened under the inspiring leadership of a "Gandhian". Suddenly, it was right to be a Gandhian, and to even fashionably dress as one.

Contrast this with the India of the 1990s, shining as it were, impatiently waiting to jump out of the sluggish Hindu rate of economic growth. The media that drummed up support for liberalisation of the Indian economy, found extraordinarily innovative ways to communicate to the wide public then, that the days of being Gandhian were passe. The consumer was king, and the culture this king produced was the new way forward. Clearly, therefore, it was time to hang up our desi boots and get used to the global way of walking and running, with Nike and Reebok to boot. Just do it! Never matter how!

A couple of decades later, we now have the spectre of corruption being tackled by the same classes that promoted and benefit from such economic liberalisation. And these influential classes widely believe that institutions such as the Lokpal and Lokayukta, can and will tackle the malaise of graft. A somewhat corporate solution has been discovered and is being aggressively promoted to sustain the belief that heroes can fix the maladies of the governance system crippled as it were by corruption.

True, it is possible to contain the damage done to our governance systems and public order by exposing and punishing the corrupt. After all, is this not the corollary purpose of enforcing the rule of law? But such measures ought to be perceived more as a remedy to attend to an injury, like a 'band aid' to a wound. For corruption, after all, is a mere symptom of the diabetes afflicting the body of governance. A festering, septic wound may be cured, by taking harsh measures when needed. But that will not prevent the next wound from occurring, and turning septic, sore and stinking. So just like a diabetes patient has to undergo a lifestyle change to restore balance of various chemicals in the human body, and adopt ways that will attack the core of the disease, similarly engaging systemically to affect positive change in governance is the real cure; to secure which the Lokpal and Lokayukta institutions are worthwhile, but small, beginnings.

True reform is only possible when the public everywhere systemically engage with all public decisions. Some examples of what it takes: each and every project decision must be based on deeply consultative mechanisms that practices the Principle of Prior and Informed consent; power must genuinely devolve to local governments without being remote controlled by State (para-statals) and Central (Eg. JNNURM) schemes; intransparency in decision making, except only when involving genuine defense and security issues, must become history; executive officials, elected representatives and judicial members must be personally accountable to their decisions; public projects must only be financed if they have been legitimately subscribed to in the proposal of the District Planning Committee as required in the Constitutional 73rd (Panchayat Raj) and 74th (Nagarpalika) Amendments (thus projects like Commonwealth Games, Metro, airport developments, etc. cannot be foisted on the public by surprise, as reactionary measures and as political legacy initiatives); implementation of public projects and schemes must mainly be undertaken by elected local governments, with State and Central agencies playing supportive and guiding roles; all departmental financing and expenditure details must be publicly accessible by regular quarterly reporting and made available suo moto online.

Similarly, all corporate bodies must become subject to the provisions of the Right to Information Act, a privilege now limited to shareholders and members under the applicable laws.

Now these are measures that cannot be implemented through popular uprisings and movements. Instead they can only be implemented through systemic engagement with public administration. This kind of change does not rely on an informed public (such as the ones trained in schools and colleges) but more on an involved public (those with an innate understanding of the true nature and moral underpinnings of public governance). What is more important is the need for deep rooted awareness that the exercise of adult franchise must be followed by systematic and regular engagement with all public officials and authorities to ensure promises are delivered and defined tasks are implemented genuinely.

Nothing less can work in ensuring the festering wounds of the maladies of governance in India, evident through the scandalous scale of corrupt practices being revealed almost everyday, will become a thing of the past. It is only with such deliberate and involved engagement with governance that we will be able to ensure that the need for "Swiss" accounts are unnecessary. For no bureaucrat, contractor, politician, corporate honcho, etc. can accumulate so much slush wealth and need to hide it overseas in secret and tax free havens.

Save lives, livelihoods, trees and the City therefore

A couple of months ago Bangalore Police Commissioner Mr. Shankar Bidari admitted that 53 people died during 2008 in road accidents on the newly widened 30 kms stretch of Bellary Road connecting the city to the new airport. A maximum number of the dead were pedestrians and most were killed since the airport opened in May 2008. The number of injured could easily be 10 times for every death. Many families and their communities have been brutalised but left with little choice.

It is so very easy to anticipate such problems in the design stage and invite local communities to help shape good decisions as the law demands. But it is the disease in our administrative culture to overlook such statutory provisions, disregard alternatives, rubbish people's serious concerns and then look askance when confronted with the terrible consequences of their poor design that is the real culprit. Unfortunately, Courts have been very mild against such lapses.

Road building and widening is a process that has been done for generations now. The collective wisdom of this deep experience has helped shaped scientific standards such as the National Building Code of India and guidelines of Indian Roads Congress, which implementing authorities have to follow. The requirement to consult affected communities in urban planning and infrastructure development is articulated in great detail in municipal laws derived from pre-independence era and the Town and Country Planning Act enacted in 1960s! The latter legislation, in particular, mandates that the wide public in urban areas must be involved at various stages of planning and implementation of projects. But it is these very laws that are violated with impunity when planning and developing urban areas and infrastructure, resulting in the urban crisis that we all suffer today.

It is in this context that Environment Support Group and this author brought a PIL before the High Court of Karnataka arguing that compliance with such progressive statutes was mandatory while widening roads or developing the Metro. Accepting this submission the High Court ruled on 16 March 2009 that implementing agencies must “strictly follow the provisions of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act and the Karnataka Preservation of Trees Act” when widening roads and developing related infrastructure. (Download the interim direction from: http://www.esgindia.org/campaigns/Tree%20felling/Hasire%20Usiru/legal/HC_Road_7107_2008_PIL_160309.rar)

When the PIL was admitted last year (a copy of which can be accessed at: http://www.esgindia.org/campaigns/Tree%20felling/Hasire%20Usiru/legal/PIL_ESG_RoadWidening_Indexed_Final_HC_2008.pdf), the High Court had considered the Petitioners grievance that Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) widening 91 core roads of Bangalore running into a length of over 400 kms. without any compliance with the Town and Country Planning Act. This would unjustly cause the destruction of homes, businesses, offices, schools, colleges, shopping areas, vendor zones, safe pedestrian pathways, and at least 40,000 avenue trees. The loss would be so irreparable and inconceivable that only the Court's restraining hand could help salvage the situation for affected communities and the voiceless trees. BBMP in its defense had argued that if roads were not widened traffic congestion could not be resolved. (A point that has been squarely contested by the current Traffic Commisisoner Mr. Praveen Sood). The Petitioners argue d that traffic congestion could be substantially reduced merely by treating intersections scientifically. In addition, developing safe zones for walking and cycling and providing pubic transport options – especially the very cheap bus based transport – would be the real long lasting solutions. World over, progressive efforts include traffic calming and discouraging cars in core city areas are being actively proposed – but the opposite was being done by BBMP.

The Court considered all these views and observed that authorities should be concerned “not only (about) the felling of trees and the widening of roads to reach the international airport but also such other incidental and related matters which result in the traffic hazards and also in relation to public/private transport, senior citizens, physically handicapped persons, children, ecology, environment and health”. To ensure such considerations were sincerely integrated in projects at the design stage itself, by consulting the wide public, the Court constituted an inter-disciplinary Committee headed by former Environment Secretary Mr. Yellappa Reddy.

The hope that the public would now be involved in decisions and that projects would be developed with sensitivity and in conformance of applicable laws and standards was shortlived The Committee Chair first made meetings out of bounds for the public and under pressure from implementing agencies began to issue suo moto clearance for projects in clear contravention of Court directions. Written protests from several Committee members that implementing agencies were violating the law were trivialised and not one representation of affected communities was even considered.

The Petitioners appealed to the Lok Adalat to arbritrate and on 19 November 2008 the Adalat ordered the Committee to act transparently and formulate recommendations only after hearing all concerned. Despite this direction, the Tree Officer of BBMP, who was also Convenor of the Committee, ordered the felling of all 350 trees on Sheshadri Road even when no recommendation had been formulated by the Committee. The Petitioners were once more compelled to rush to the Adalat for relief.

The Hon'ble Adalat was deeply disturbed by the violation of its orders and observed in its order of 6^th January 2009 that little could be done about the tree felling on Sheshadri Road as “...most of the trees are already removed.” On the Petitioners submission, the Adalat returned the matter back to the Court to decide on the issue of non-implementation of the Town and Country Planning Act. It was in this context that the Court ruled on 16 March 2009 that implementing agencies would “strictly follow” provisions of particular Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act and the Karnataka Preservation of Trees Act. This might sound like the Court is stating the obvious – authorities must follow the law. That authorities must be directed by Courts to follow the law else they will not, is a disturbing trend and indicative of a crisis in law.

Meanwhile it is also important to note how brazen officials are in violating even judicial orders evidenced by an order of the Tree Officer of BBMP who within hours of the Court's decision ordered felling of over 90 trees on Palace Road. Even if we consider the Tree Officer had the power to order felling of trees, it is inconceivable how he managed to fulfill norms of tendering out contracts for felling trees and auctioning the wood. History will record this dastardly act as destroying Bangalore's real charm. If only BBMP was sensitive to progressive street design not only could these trees have been saved, but the network of Race Course Road, Palace Road and Sheshadri Road could have been intelligently developed into a cyclists and walkers paradise, and also a zone for smooth traffic flow.

It is pyrrhic relief then that the Chief Minister now confirms he smells a scandal in the widespread felling of avenue trees. (Read: http://www.thehindu.com/2009/07/24/stories/2009072453560400.htm and http://newsrack.in/news/display?ni=213805603b0ecfa96a9529f58381368c%3A8588163) Should he not begin by enquiring why his office did not bring to his attention tens of representations and letters complaining that there was something really wrong with such widespread felling of trees? Shouldn't he have cared about the tens of protests across the city against such felling – covered regularly in newspapers? Should he have waited so long – and that too for an MLA to bring up the issue in the Assembly that cartels are at work to fell trees unnecessarily - when trees were being felled right around his house and office with gay abandon?

The vandal act of felling trees unnecessarily must not go unpunished. At least now, the Chief Minister must follow through on his suspicion and order an enquiry, catch the kingpin behind these cartels (even if s/he is a forest or BBMP official?) and stem the rot in the system. The issue should not merely be that the trees felled were grossly devalued, but to ask if needed to be felled at all.

A good beginning could be made by ensuring that the 16^th March High Court order is strictly complied with. Only when the implementation of this judgment becomes everyone's cause can we help shape Bangalore as a healthy, safe, equitable and green city.

Leo F. Saldanha

24 July 2009

How Bangalore Metro Chugs Along Matters to all

I read today in the Deccan Herald (http://www.deccanherald.com/content/13042/bu-ask-bmrcl-realign-metro.html) that the Bangalore University has written to the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. that they should change the alignment and avoid destroying the Central College Campus. One of the key reasons reported is that Central College is designated as a heritage site per the Protection of Ancient Monuments Act. This got me thinking. A lot actually.

Bangalore Metro authorities have been claiming that the alignment was fixed after a thorough analysis, survey, and consultation with the wide public. How then, I wondered, was it possible that they missed out the University? Especially given that the Dept. of Environmental Science of the Bangalore University conducted the "Environment Impact Assessment" for the Metro. (Notice my reference to the EIA is in " ", and there is a reason, which I will come to later.)

Clearly, if there were consultations before fixing the alignment, then it would seem improper for the University's Registrar (who is appointed by the State) to now raise objection to the alignment ruining the campus. From what is reported in the paper, the Registrar has claimed that not only will the campus be destroyed by the Metro, but that the heritage structure would be de-stabilised. Further, it is stated that crores of Rupees will be lost to the University in terms of property value. The Registrar also claims it is possible for the Metro to do all that they want to do, without disturbing the Central College campus, right across the road, and without in any manner disturbing the heritage college campus.
Metro is being touted as a technological intervention - a state of art engineering feat that will put to rest our traffic and transport management woes. Mr. E. Sreedharan, Padma Shri Awardee, and a doyen of Metro engineering in India, has given his stamp of approval for the Bangalore Metro. In fact all that is now being done is per the designs he has originally reviewed, and according to the Detailed Project Report prepared, again under his guidance and supervision, by M/s Rail India Technical Economic Services (RITES).

Now Central College has a pride of place for every engineer worth his/her salt from Karnataka. Talk to any senior official, engineer, or even a Judge, and you know how deeply their association with Central College is valued. It is here that began to imagine big. Imagine amazingly. Imagine wildly even based on the foundational knowledge they gained here. Central College has set them free.

Now it is the engineering of the Metro project that is eating into the very edifice of engineers in this part of the world. Distressingly, the technology that is every engineer's dream project is unattentive to the glorious tradition of this campus, and the charm and regality of its ambience. Central College is calling attention of all, and feebly, and rather belatedly, has the Registrar spoken out against it likely destruction. (Of course we all know that the building will remain... But we also know that when you have a Metro station right in front of the Senate Hall, with all the chaos that will reign supreme, where is there a chance to loiter around in the campus contemplating ideas?)

What needs to be noticed critically is that it is not just Central College that will be affected by the Metro. Minsk square will go soon. Part of Lalbagh has already been taken away for a Metro station. And the entire Lakshman Rao boulevard, the country's most charming street I say, will be ruined forever. (Those who doubt the veracity of this statement only need to look at what the Metro has done to beautiful parks and trees that not too long adorned K. R. Road.)

Now don't get me wrong. I am not against the Metro. But I have serious, in fact very serious doubts, that the Metro will solve our traffic and transport problems. Metro is only one of public transport options, and its implementation could have been far more sensitive than is presently the case. In fact it could have been an intensely public affair, as such projects ought to be. This would have helped shape a Metro that works for all.

It is only when I finally got hold of a copy of the Detailed Project Report (DPR) in toto sometime ago, that I realised that there is very big gap between what the public expect the Metro to do, and what it will actually do. One major revelation is that the Metro will serve a rather small percentage of the travelling public, thus leaving open the question about what happens to others. Further, the Government decided to put the Metro through areas which were park lined because they wrongly claimed parks are Government lands. They are not. They are public commons, and the Government is only a custodian.

Unfortunately, the DPR was considered privileged, confidential and not open to public for review - one only got access to it because of the RTI Act, and that at a considerable cost. Were this DPR and as much of the detail of designs that could be publicly shared were out there on the Metro website, not only would Central College authorities have known the exact nature of the impact, but so would the Horticulture authorities who are upset about how Lalbagh has been encroached into. Additionally, entire wide world, including residents of Bangalore, would have had the opportunity to understand what the Metro is all about. (What the Metro has not done, the organisation I work with will soon do. Very soon, you can download the DPR from www.esgindia.org, the website of Environment Support Group.)

The Metro is not a defence project. Considering it is a public project, almost all of its documents should have been in public domain from the word go. But what has denied to the public in India, and to Indian citizens therefore, is easily accessible to Japanese citizens. This is because the Metro is subsantially financed by Japan Bank. Consequently, Japanese nationals can access documents of projects financed by the bank.

Now getting back to why the EIA was in " ". One obvious reason is that the document claimed to be an EIA of the project flatly fails to meet any of the basic quality standards that apply to formulation of the EIA. It is nothing more than a brochure of claims, and expectedly fails to meet any objective standard of verification. In fact the Metro did not need an EIA as a conservative reading of the applicable law does not specifically mention that Metros need to prepare this document. This has an interesting background.

In 2005 Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests under the terribly weak leadership of then Minister Mr. A. Raja, and extraordinarily strong crafting of the Ministry's Secretary, then Dr. Pradipto Ghosh, piloted a comprehensive amendment to the EIA Notification. This effort was widely opposed across the country as advancing a comprehensive weakening of a key environmental regulatory legislation and as a sell out to investor and industrial lobbies. When the final EIA Notification 2006 was being drafted, Mr. E. Sreedharan, Chief of Delhi Metro, wrote a letter to the Prime Minister arguing that because the Metro will resolve public transport crises in Indian cities, it is good for the environment. Further, it was argued that the Metro has no significant environmental and social impacts and thus need not be brought under the purview of the EIA Notification.

Without contesting or debating or questioning the legality of Mr. Sreedharan's, the Ministry was instructed to delete any reference to Metro projects in the EIA Notification. As a result, no Indian Metro project is being reviewed for it and social. What is proposed by engineers, goes straight onto our roads as the Metro - and that too without any compliance with the Town and Country Planning Act. People are caught in the mystification of technology and realise only when the project strarts grinding through their neighbourhoods that the consequences are immense.

This retrograde legal initiative is in jarring contradiction to the rest of the world, including even in many undemocratic countries, that mega projects like the Metro go through a very careful public review of its economic, social and environmental consequences. Statutory public consultations are held in every neighbourhood, and repeatedly even, to assess and evaluate various items, including changes in neighbourhood profile, loss of property and livelihoods, aesthetic and architecture elements, impact on greenery, debating whether the Metro has to be overground, at grade or underground, and so on....

Our law also demands such a deeply democratice process - only if we regard and follow the Rule of Law. It is little wonder that there are so many people agitated about the implementation of Metro projects in different cities - Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi and the unimaginable scandal in Hyderabad. It is also one of the reasons why University is only now waking up to the impacts of Metro on the Central College campus. Why is the Horticulture Department is unhappy about the manner in which the Government forced them to part with a portion of Lalbagh - an issue which is under challenge in the Hon'ble High Court of Karnataka. (Details of this PIL can be downloaded from www.esgindia.org.) And, withouth doubt, why there is so little acceptance of the Metro amongst impacted communities.

Had we subjected the Bangalore Metro to a thorough and public review of the environmental, social and economic consequences , then we would not have been in the current mess that the project has run into. All that was required was to comply with the law which demands that public involvement is fundamental to decision relating to conceptualisation, development and implementation of small, medium, large and mega projects.

We only need to review the provisions of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, for instance. This law written into effect in 1961 envisages a deeply iterative process of people engagement, careful planning, sensitive appraisal of various interconnected issues and deliberate debate on implications, and there is no provision in this law to boycott its provisions. Sadly that is not what is happenning in the implementation of the Bangalore Metro. In fact, this project is a fantastic representation of the active disdain with which the wide public is regarded by the authorities.

Nothing prevented Mr. Sreedharan from instructing his subordinates to ensure every rule of every law that had to be complied with should be complied with. Had Mr. Sreedharan reviewed how Metro projects were implemented worldwide, he would have easily recognised the substantial efforts of project authorities in engaging the public, sharing information, seeking responses by walking - literally - street to street, enquiring if this solution was appropriate in contrast with other public transport options. Such statemanship would have embellished Mr. Sreedharan's fantastic record as the Chief Architect of Metro in India, and people would have cherished his visionary leadership in ensuring Metro projects would not ruin our cities.

In contrast, there has not been one single Statutory Public Hearing on the Bangalore Metro. There has been no compliance whatsoever with the provisions of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act. The Metro is now being extended by the Chief Minister all the way to the Art of Living Centre on Kanakapura Road, and there is absolutely no analysis to back its viability - in fact no one lives around here as it is either forest land, largely institutional area or the Roerich Estate. Where are the public in these decisions? Forget the public, not even the Legislators have been consulted.

Sadly, what we have now is a Metro project implementation schedule that is independent of context and local residents. Local traditions, cultures, landscapes, heritage monuments, public spaces, our streets, our parks, our way of life, are being undemocratically re-scheduled, re-arranged, disregarded to meet the technocrats dream of meeting the Metro schedule. As a result, Bangalore as we know it will end very soon.

What if, after all this, and the thousands of crores invested, our streets remain clogged with traffic? Let's ponder deeply and intelligently on such questions of immense important to each and every one who works, plays, lives in and cares for Bangalore. Not just for now, but for the future as well.

For the largely overhead Metro has a life of 150 years, at least.